[1]SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Sociology Task

 

CREATED BY :

                        ANNISA RIDHATUL KHATIMAH             135120400111045

                        GHIFAR ULWAN                                           135120400111007

                        HEPPY C.W SHILAEN                                  135120400111009

                        PRISTYAS TRIBUANA M                                        135120401111009

           

           

                       

MENTERI SOSIAL DAN BUDAYA

UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA MALANG

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL & ILMU POLITIK

ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

MALANG

2013

INTRODUCTION

            By saying grace thanks to Allah SWT for his mercy, finally the writers could  finish this paper entitled “ Social Stratification”.  This paper is one of the tasks “Sociology”.

             In this paper, the authors would like to make all readers know more about the content. Authors would like to clarify the discussions about what is meant about social stratification, the characteristic of social stratification, class system of social stratification, the factor why social stratification happen, type of social stratification, fungtion of social stratification, social mobility, factor that push social mobility, positive and negative impact of social mobility etc. 

            Thus the author is fully aware of the limitations of knowledge and skills that the author had. Therefore, criticism and constructive suggestions are always authorsexpect.
Finally the authors invoke Allah hopefully and also the charity of all could be just reward from Allah, Amin .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.    Title page.....................................................................................................1

2.    Introduction ....…….……………......……………………..........................3

3.    Table of  Content………...........…....……………………………………...4

4.    Chapter I : introduction.................................................................................................5 a) Background...............................................................................................
b ) Purpose.....................................................................................................
c ) Formulation...............................................................................................

5.      Chapter II : The foundation of the theory..................................................10         Explanation................................................................................................10

6. Chapter III : Methods................................................................................36

7.      Chapter IV : Conclusion.............................................................................38

8.      Bilbiography…....……………..…………..…………………..………….39

                         

BAB I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

 Every society always has a certain appreciation for certain things in the concerned society . Higher rewards for certain things , will put it in a higher position than other things . If a society more respectful of the material wealth of the honor . The symptoms cause of society , which is the difference in the position of a person or a group in a different position.
With all aspects of the community that includes in it, an object of study are interesting to study .   So, it with something that is valued by the community. In other words , something that is valued in a community will create a layer or that person's position in society .  In the study that discussed in this paper, social stratification that occurs between the ancient and the modern society , we will be able to find the differences that occur in it , draw a conclusion that  the result of social stratification that will be explained in this paper.
            In general, we can see that the social stratification that occurs in ancient and modern times is something that can not be hindered requires a study that is useful to follow up the   effects stemming from the social stratification in society.  Social stratification has always been a source of conflict and strife. Many people have tried to solve this problem, through Communism or attempting to make the class system even more rigid. This is clearly still a problem in the world today. There are revolutions popping up worldwide to address these issues.

B.  Problems
In this paper, some problems will be formulated as follows:
1. What is social stratification ?
2.  How social stratification in society ? ( include the characteristic of social    stratification, class system of social stratification, the factor why social stratification happen, type of social stratification, function of social stratification, social mobility, factor that push social mobility, positive and negative impact of social mobility).

C.Goals
1.  Understand about social stratification.

2.  Understand the social stratification in society ( include the characteristic of social stratification, class system of social stratification, the factor why social stratification happen, type of social stratification, function of social stratification, social mobility, factor that push social mobility, positive and negative impact of social mobility).

CHAPTER II

FOUNDATION OF THEORY

Marx  : See Classical Sociological Thinkers “Key Concepts” Class.

Weber : Society is stratified by class, status hierarchies, political affiliations, and other designations.

Functionalist theory

·       Stratification systems reflect values shared throughout society.

·         Stratification and inequality serve a positive function by ensuring that the most important roles are performed by the most qualified people.

Conflict theory

·         Contemporary societies are stratified by class, status, ethnicity, gender, and other divisions.

·         Stratification systems involve domination and exploitation of some groups by others.

Symbolic interactionism

·         Focuses on face-to-face interactions in stratified societies and groups.

      Slavery, though less common now than it used to be, still exists. As the woman in the video explains, slavery is “the complete domination and control of one person by another through violence”. This is the most obvious stratification system and offers the least possibility for mobility. This is because slaves are usually not seen as people, but property.

            The philosopher Aristotle said in the country there are three elements , they are very rich , the middle and the destitute . Someone leading sociology , namely Pitirim A.Sorokin , once said that the system is characteristic of the fixed layer and common in every society who live regularly . The top layer is a person who has something valuable in abundance . And the lower layer is only those who have little or no worth something. Usually groups who are in the top layer does not only have one kind only of what is valued by the public in , but kedudukanya high , has a lot of money , power , and might as well honor . Coating system in the society in sociology in the know with social stratification. The word comes from the word stratification stratum ( stratum which meanslayer).
            According to Pitirim A.Sorokin social stratification is the difference in population or society into classes as rise . Perwujutanya is higher classes and lower classes . According to Sorokin , the basic nucleus of society and the lack of balance in the distribution of rights and duties , obligations , and responsibilities of the influence of social values ​​among community members.

CHAPTER III

EXPLANATION

A.    Definition of Social Stratification

      Social stratification is defined as the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group. There is a system of social stratification in every community of humans in existence, even the ones that are Communist. There are a few main ways of social stratification: class, caste, and slavery.

            According to Pitirim A.Sorokin[9] , social stratification is the difference in  population or society into layers in multilevel classes . Pitirim A.Sorokin also said that it is the layer of the society and the general characteristics remain living in the community regularly . Layers in multilevel classes can be differentiated into three elements , namely upper class , middle , and lower class . Groups who are in the upper class are the ones who have lots of money , power , and might as well honor.
            Forms of different walks of life and many.  The layers are still present even in capitalistic societies , democratic , communist , and so forth . Society had been around since man began to recognize the existence of life together in a joint organization .   For example, in societies whose culture is still understated class . Society initially based on the sex difference , the difference between the leader and the led , and not a slave class , division of labor , and even a distinction basedonwealth.
            Society has a lot of concrete forms.  However , in these principle forms can be classified into three different classes, namely the economic, political , and which are based on certain positions in society . Generally , all three forms of the group have to a close relationship with each other , where there is mutual influence . For example , those who belong to a layer on the basis of political size is usually also the people who occupy a particular layer on the basis of economical . Those, rich anyway they usually occupy positions that are always important . But it depends on the prevailing value system and developing the
community in question.

      Major Perspectives

Marx

·         See Classical Sociological Thinkers > Karl Marx > Key Concepts > Class.

Weber

·         Society is stratified by class, status hierarchies, political affiliations, and other designations.

Functionalist theory

·         Stratification systems reflect values shared throughout society.

·         Stratification and inequality serve a positive function by ensuring that the most important roles are performed by the most qualified people.

Conflict theory

·         Contemporary societies are stratified by class, status, ethnicity, gender, and other divisions.

·         Stratification systems involve domination and exploitation of some groups by others.

Symbolic interactionalism

·         Focuses on face-to-face interactions in stratified societies and groups.

      Slavery, though less common now than it used to be, still exists.  Slavery is “the complete domination and control of one person by another through violence”. This is the most obvious stratification system and offers the least possibility for mobility. This is because slaves are usually not seen as people, but property.

B.       The Factors that causes Stratification occurs

            Theoritically, all humans can be considered equal. But, according to the reality of social groups, it is not like that[10].  Social stratification occurs through the process:
a.  Occurrence automatically, because the factors that brought the individual from birth.  For example, intelligence, age, gender, heredity, the nature of a person's membership in a society authenticity.
b.  Occur intentionally for the purpose of jointly carried out in the distribution of power and official authority in formal organizations, such as government, political parties, companies, associations, armed forces.

C.    Elementof Stratification

 1 . Position ( status ) sometimes to differentiate between understanding the position ( status ) with social status (social status ) . Interpreted as the position or the position of a person in a social group . Social position is where a person is defined generally in society in relation to others , in the sense of milieu , prestige , and the rights and obligations . In the abstract , the position means where a person in certain pattern.

Community at large to develop two kinds of positions is as follows :
a. Ascribed status , the position of a person in the community without regard to spiritual differences and abilities . The position obtained by birth . Generally ascribed status encountered in communities with a layer of closed systems , such as fiodal community , or the community in which the coating system depends on racial differences . However, the status ascribed not only found in societies with a closed system layer . In the open coating systems also exist.
b . Achieved status is a position achieved by someone with efforts on purpose. This position does not accept on the basis of birth . However, it is open to anyone , depending on the ability of each to pursue and achieve their goals . For example , anyone can be a judge long as it meets certain requirements

.
c . Sometimes distinguished one kind of position , assigned the status ,

 which is a position that is given . Assign status often has a close relationship with the Achieved status[11] , in the sense that a group or groups provide a higher position to a person who contributed , who has been fighting for something to meet the needs and interests of the social community.

2.Role
            Role  is a dynamic aspect of the position ( status ) . If someone does  rights and obligations in accordance with status, he does a role . Distinguishing between the role of the position is to the benefit of science can not split apart because one depends on the other.  No role without rank or position without a role . As case the position , the role also has two meanings . Everyone has a variety of roles derived from the patterns of social life. This also means that the role of determining what should do  for the community as well as the opportunity .   what chance is given to him by the community .

            The importance of the role is because he set the person's behavior. Role – determine  cause someone to a certain extent can predict other people's actions social relations that exist in society is the relationship between the roles of individuals in society . Role also be set by the prevailing norms.
Attached to a person's role should be in a position to differentiate with social interaction . One's position in society that social position is a static element that shows the right individual to community organizations.
Role includes three things, namely for the following[12];
a. Role includes norms which connect with one's position or place in society . Role in this sense is a series of rules that guide a person's social life .
b . Role is a concept of what can be done by individuals in the community as an organization .
c . Role can also say as individual behaviors that are important to the social structured of the society.

G. Compiled Accidentally layer

            Where it has been explained that there is a layer that deliberately arranged  in a formal organization by those authorized for it . At length it was arranged by Chester F. Barnard in his essay entitled The Function of System Status . According to Barnard , the position distribution system in essence absolutely necessary in order to move the organization on a regular basis in order to achieve that goal by the creator intends.

            Position in the formal organizational systems arise because of differences in the needs, interests, and abilities that individuals include the following :

1 . Individual differences in ability. Have special abilities in a person and to be recognized by the people concerned have led to a certain position .
2 . Differences concerning the difficulties to perform various types of  jobs .
3 . Differences in the interests of each type of  job .
4 . Desire on the formal position as a social tool or tool organization .
5 . The need to protect someone .

D.    The Criteria of Stratification

Criteria or measures that are generally used to classify the members of the society into a particular layer is as follows :

a.Wealth
Wealth or often also called the size of the economy . People who have abundant possessions (rich) would be appreciated and respected than the poor.
b.Power
Power is influenced by a person's status or position in society . A person who has great power and authority will occupy the top social layer , instead of people who do not have power in the bottom of layer.

c.Descent
            Offspring size regardless of the size or power of wealth . Offspring in question is based on class descendant of nobility or honor . Nobility will occupy the top layer as the title :

- Andi in Bugis society ,
- Raden in the Java community ,
- Tengku in Acehnese society , and so on .

Definition of Marriage                                       

Marriage is a relationship between a husband/wife more with one or more to form a bond

The purpose of marriage

1.      To get a descent

2.      To increase the degree of a person's social status and both men and women

3.      Bring back relatives who already tenuous relationship

4.      Inheritance in order not to fall into the hands of others

Benefits of marriage

1.      Maintenance of honor because human beings have good morals, both men and women always want the dignity and honor of himself and his family maintained

2.      Connecting kinship and family multiply

3.      Forming families and communities prosper

Form of marriage

1.      According to the amount of the husband or wife

a.     Monogamy ( mono means one , gamos means marriage ) , which is marriage between one man and one woman.

b.    Polygamy (poly means many), which is marriage between a man or a woman and more than one woman or man.

                         i.     Polygyny, is a husband to have more than one person

i.      Sorority polygyny, when the wife and sister - sister ;

ii.    Polygyny non-sorority, when the wife is not sister - brother

                       ii.     Polyandry, a wife that a husband is more than one person (located on the Eskimo, Marquesas’ in Oceania, Toda in South India, couple of people in East Africa and Tibet).

i.      Fraternal polyandry , when the husband and sister - sister ;

ii.    Non - fraternal polyandry , when the husband is not sister - brother

2.      According to the origin of the husband or wife :

a.       Endogamy is marriage in their own environment

b.      Exogamy marriage is performed outside the family itself

                                  i.          Coenobium circulation or asymmetric ( unilateral ) , the marital relationship consists of two clans that have only one notch as a giver or receiver girl

                                    ii.      Coenobium symmetric, the marital relationship between the two clans, in which between the two clan mates for exchange of youth.

Another form of exogamy marriage:

i.       Homogamy is a marriage between the children of two families were included in the same social strata

ii.      Heterogamete is a marriage of two families of different social layers.

3.      According to kinship

a.       Cross cousin (cousin cross), which is marriage between first cousins ​​, the descendants of the brother of the mother (the child’s uncle) or the child’s father’s sister.

b.      Parallel cousin (parallel cousins), that marriage between a man and a woman in which the father or mother were sisters.

4.      According to the payment of dowry

In certain communities, a new marriage sanctioned by the family of the woman after the man handed the family a dowry or dowry as a sign of sincerity. At the Manggarai (Flores), it is called the bride.

Pattern settled after marriage

1.      Patrilocal (virilocal), the couple reside in the residence center husbands relatives

2.      Matrilocal (otorilocal), the couple reside in the wife's relatives

3.      Bilocal, the couple lived alternately between husband and wife's relatives and relatives

4.      Neolocal, the husband and wife living in a new place

5.      Avunkulocal , the couple settled in the mother 's brother ( uncle ) of the husband

6.      Natalocal, the husband and wife do not live in the same place but live in their birthplace and only met for a relatively short time

7.      Utrolocal, the spouses are free to choose his residence .

8.      Komonlocal, namely married couples residing in a group of parents of both parties

d . Intelligence / knowledge mastery
Someone who is well educated and a degree or who have expertise / professional deemed domiciled higher , when compared to the less educated . Also determined one's status in the acquisition of knowledge , such religious knowledge , specialized skills , magic , etc. .

Six Functions of the Family
A. functional family is one in which family members:
a.  fulfill their agreed upon roles and responsibilities

b.  treat each other with respect and affection; and

c.   meet each other’s needs.

1. Socialization

     The process by which children learn to become human and adopt certain behaviour : Children learn from what they see and experience in their developing years.  Since children spend most of their early years only interacting with their family members, the family unit has the greatest impact on development.

Socialization and Language:

o    The ability to speak a language is one way to prove the impact a family can have on socialization.

o    Children pick up the language of their parents by imitating the sounds of their parents.

o    If no language is developed at a young age, it is very difficult to establish communication skills later.

  Socialization Proof – Feral Children

o    Another way to prove that children learn language and behaviour from families is through studying feral children.

o    These are children who have been deprived of human contact during their early developing years.

o      One case involves two girls in India that were said to be raised by wolves.

They had no language but growled, yelped, and murmured.

They could not stand erect.

They did not use their hands to eat but lowered their heads instead.

 2. Rules of behaviour

o    These types of cases show that human interaction is required for children to acquire human behaviour.

o    The family teaches appropriate behaviour, what to expect, and how to interact in everyday life.

Behaviour:

o    Charles Cooley argued that we learn emotions such as love, pity, pride, sympathy, generosity, guilt and a sense of right and wrong, are taught to us by our family.

o    One study showed that the emotional health of students was directly related to the relationship between parents. So even emotional health is taught to us.

3. Patterns of interaction

o    Studies also show that children that have been deprived of close family relationships which lead to emotional problems as adults.

o    This forms a cycle as these adults may have trouble meeting the emotional needs of their future families.

Evidence: Abuse cycle:

o    Families who have abusive relations are prone to more abusive behaviours.

o    Studies have shown that as children grow if they are taught to express violence when angry, they will continue this behaviour throughout their lives unless they are re-socialized by choice.

o    Children also learn how to deal with problems from the example of their parents

o    EX. Children with parents that smoke are also more likely to smoke.

o    Parents are role models for their children: both positive and negative.

4. Emotional support

o    Students from parents that have a loving relationship, and are supportive, have a more positive self image and were also more confident.

o    Students from families that have distrust  and hostility are more likely to have a negative self image and emotional problems.

5. Reproductive Function

o     In order for a society to continue to exist it must replace those people that die.

o     The family is responsible for raising children to become contributing members of society.

o     In many advanced countries, families are choosing to have less children.

o     Birth control has made choice possible since the 1970’s.

o    In Canada we have an aging population.  This means less young people and more older people.

- We will need to increase immigration to fulfill jobs such as doctors, nurses etc.

- There will be greater demand for healthcare since most people will be older.

- Younger people will have to pay more taxes to maintain standard of living.

6. Economic Function

o    Families are the means whereby children are supplied with the necessities – food, shelter and clothing.

o    In the past, children were needed to work on farms and help provide for the family at an early age.

o    Today children are normally dependant on the family until after high school.

  Family Dysfunction

Failure to provide:

o    When families fail to provide any of the necessary element of these functions, over time or repeatedly, they are considered to be dysfunctional.

o    This can lead to emotional, social, and/or developmental difficulties for the family members.

A dysfunctional family is one where the main family functions-providing love and support, and sharing responsibilities-are absent.

o    This can occur when a parent is an alcoholic or neglectful, a teenager steals to support a drug habit, or everyone in the family screams or is physically, emotionally, sexually, or psychologically abusive to each other.

 

E.       Characteristic of  Social Stratification

 According Soerjono Soekanto , seen from the nature of social stratification dibedak a closed system of social stratification, social stratification system is open ,and mixed systems of social stratification.

a. Closed Social Stratification

This stratification is a stratification in which members of each stratum difficult to hold vertical mobility. Although there are very limited mobility but only horizontal mobility.

example :
a.  Caste system . The Sudra can not move the position up in layers of Brahmins.  Casta in India is called “yati”[13].
b.  Racist. Black ( negro ) is considered in the low position can not be in a position to move the position of whites.
c. Feudal . The workers can not move to the position of skipper / employer .

b .  Opened Social Stratification
            This stratification is dynamic because of  its mobility  is very big . Any member can freely do strata of social mobility , both vertical and horizontal.

example :
- A poor because of his efforts can be rich , or vice versa .
- A person who is not / less education would be accepted as long as there is intention and effort .

c. Mixed Social Stratification
Social stratification stratification mixture is a combination of closed and open . For example , a Brahmin caste Balinese have a respectable position in Bali , but when he moved to Jakarta as laborers , he obtained a low position . So , he had to adjust to the rules of society in Jakarta .

 

F.     Forms of Social Stratification

In society there are various forms of social stratification. Form that will be affected by what criteria or factors relied upon. Here we will study some form of social stratification according to several criteria, namely economic, social, and political.

a.      Social Stratification Based on Economic Criteria

Social stratification in the economic field will distinguish residents or citizens under the control and ownership of the material. In this case there are groups of people based on ownership of land, and there are based on the economic activities in the field using the skills. In other words, income, wealth, jobs, and community members will be split into different layers or classes of society.

According to Max Webber, social stratification based on economic criteria divide society into classes based on ownership of land and objects. These classes of upper class (upper class), middle class (middle class), and class (lower class). One thing to keep in mind that social stratification based on economic criteria is open-ended. It means allowing someone who is at the lower classes to rise to the upper class, and instead allows a person who is in a class above to get down to the lower class or lower class. It depends on the skill and tenacity of the person concerned. One example of social stratification based on the economic factor is the ownership of land in the agricultural environment in Indonesian society. Is a form of social stratification landowners, tenant farmers and tenants, and farm laborers[14].

a.       Landowners are divided into the following layers.

                                                              i.      Landowners of more than 2 hectares.

                                                            ii.      Landowners between 1-2 acres.

                                                          iii.      Landowners between 0.25-1 acres.

                                                          iv.      Landowners less than 0.25 acres

b.      Tenant farmers and sharecroppers, those who hire and work on land owned by peasant proprietors who typically use the system for results.

c.       Farm workers, workers who work on the landowners, tenant farmers, sharecroppers, or traders who usually buy rice in the rice fields.

·         Social Stratification Based Social Criteria

In general, social stratification based on these criteria is closed. Thus social stratification is common in feudal society, caste, and racial communities.

a.       Social Stratification in Feudal Society

Feudal society is a society in preindustrial situation, which historically is a change of the bond slave or slaves to landlords. Relationship between the two parties is a relationship between the ruling with yanruled, and their interaction is very limited. Then the spirit of feudalism by the colonizers implemented in Indonesia and there was a split Intergroup, so the feudal society of social stratification occurs as follows.

                                                              i.      Upper class, consisting of the descendants of kings and nobles.

                                                            ii.      Middle class, made ​​up of groups of soldiers and government officials.

                                                          iii.      Lower class, consisting of a group of ordinary people.

b.      Social Stratification in Caste Society

Intergroup differentiation caste society demands a more assertive again. Intergroup relations is taboo, closed, it can even be punished people. It so happened on caste communities in India. The term for caste in India is yati , and called the varna system . According to the book of Reg Veda in ancient Indian society found four varna arranged in a hierarchy from top to bottom, for example Brahmin, Kshatriya, vaisya, and the Shudras.

Caste Brahmin caste is made ​​up of clergy and regarded as the highest caste. Kshatriya is a caste consisting of the nobles and soldiers, and is seen as second class. Vaisya caste is made ​​up of merchants, and is seen as the third layer.

Shudra caste while an ordinary consisting of The people (themasses) . In addition, there are people who do not caste or varna is not included in the caste. They are the class pariah.

Based on the above can be identified that caste characteristics are as follows.

                    i.     Membership by inheritance or birth. In caste, the quality of a person not to be a reckoning.

             ii.          Membership lasts for life, unless removed from the caste.

      iii.               Endogenous marriage and have elected people who one caste. A man can marry a lower caste woman, but cannot marry a woman who has a higher caste.

      iv.               inter-caste relations with other social groups is very limited .

        v.               Membership of a caste consciousness evident among others in the name of caste, the identification of members of the caste, and strict conformity to the norms of caste.

      vi.               Bound by the position - position traditionally defined. It means that the lower castes have less access to education and welfare, let alone occupy important positions in government.

         vii.          Prestige of a caste properly addressed.

       viii.          Lower castes are part of a higher caste, resulting in daily life can be controlled continuously.

In Indonesia, social stratification based on caste can we meet the people of Bali. However, processing caste not too rigid and closed like in India. Processing caste ​​in Bali called a dynasty. The social stratification is as follows.

      i.               Brahmin,

Is the level of the highest caste in Bali.The caste usually occupied by religious leaders. Title to those included in this caste is Ida Bagus for men and for women Ida Ayu .

    ii.               Kshatriya,

A second level of Brahmin. Usually this is occupying the noble caste. Title to those included in this caste is Cokorda , Gede , or Ngahan.

  iii.              Waisya,

Is the third level after the Kshatriya. Usually this is occupying the merchant caste. Title to those included in this caste is Dewa or Gusti.

  iv.              Sudra,

Is the lowest level in the caste system in Bali. The caste usually occupied by workers or laborers. Title to those included in this caste is Pande ,Kbon , or Pasek .

c.       Social Stratification in Racial Society

Racial society is a society which knows no distinction of color. This stratification system has occurred in South Africa, where the white race is superior when compared to the black race. Differences in skin color in South Africa at that time affect many aspects of life that came to be called the politics of apartheid. In politics apartheid, all aspects of life, including health,education,housing, employment and even determined whether it includes whites or blacks. Although the white race in the distinct minority, but they occupy a respectable position in comparison with the majority of the black race.To maintain economic dominance and political power, the white race developed the theory of racism accompanied by actions outside of humanity.

·         Social Stratification Based Political Criteria

Social stratification based on political criteria related to the power possessed by members of the community, where there are parties -controlled, and there are those who dominate. The forms of power in certain societies in the world with a diverse pattern respectively. But, in general, there is a general pattern that exists in every society.

Although the changes experienced by the people that led to the birth of a new pattern, but the general pattern will always appear on the basis of old patterns that went before. Shape and power systems always adjust to the mores and behavior patterns prevailing in society. A clear boundary between the ruling there is always controlled, and the boundaries that causes birth or Stratification in society.

Mac Iver in his book “The Web of Government” says there are three general patterns of system layer pyramid power or authority, namely the type of caste,oligarchic, and democratic.

1)      Type of Caste

Caste is the type or types of Stratification systems of power with a clear line of separation and stiff. This kind of type is usually found in people who almost did not happen caste vertical social mobility. The dividing line between each layer is almost impossible to penetrate.

Top of the pyramid is occupied by the highest authorities, such as emperor,king, and so on, with an environment that is supported by the nobility,soldiers, and scholars of religion. The next layer is a row of artisans, servants, farmers, farm laborers, and slaves.

2)      Type Oligarchic

This type has a clear dividing line, but the basic distinctions of social classes are determined by the culture of the community. This type is similar to the type of caste, however, individuals are given the opportunity to ride layer. In each layer of the Stratification can also be found more specifically, while the difference between one layers with the other layers are not so obvious.

3)      Type Democratic

This type indicates the dividing line between the layers that are cars (moving)once. In this case the birth does not determine one's position, but the most important is the ability and sometimes luck.

G.    Function of Social Stratifications

·      Tool of solidarity among individuals or groups who occupy the same social system in society.

·    Criteria contention systems, namely whether obtained through personal qualities, memberships, groups, certain relatives, possession of authority or power.

·       Distribution of privileges that objective as determining income, level of wealth, safety and authority of the office / position of a person.

·    Whether exchange rate position easily.

·       Determinants of symbols or position, such as behavior, dress and house shape.

·       Levels system created in strata communities involving prestige and awards, for example the person who received the award.

H.    The Importance of Social Stratification

a.     There are two opinions about the importance of social stratification. The adherents of functionalist approaches typically assume that social stratification is essential for the survival of the social system. It is contrary to approach conflict adherents who stated that the emergence of social stratification is the behavior of the elite society that seeks to maintain its dominance.

b.    Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, pioneer functionalist approach states that stratification is required for the survival of people in need of various types of jobs. Without the existence of this stratification, the public will not be stimulated to pursue tough jobs or jobs that require a long and expensive process.

c.     While the conflict approach pioneered by Karl Marx holds that the existence of social stratification is not as a result of the consensus (all members of the community agree and require it), but because they are forced to accept the differences in people because they do not have the ability to oppose it.

d.    Marx often reveals that social stratification is a form of oppression of a high grade to lower grade. According to him, in a capitalist society, the owner of the means of production (upperclass) to apply pressure and force control of the working class that's lower.

I.       Caste and Class Systems

•   People are divided into different groupings and their lives are structured according to these groupings. There are certain things that some people cannot do, simply because their station in life prevents them from being able to do them.

• Other people, in a different social stratum, are able to do these things specifically because they occupy a more favorable position in the social hierarchy.

• Depending on how much individual mobility is possible; societies may be classified as either a caste system or a class system.

1. A caste system amounts to social stratification based on ascription

a. A caste system consists of a fixed arrangement of strata from the most to the least privileged, with a person's position determined unalterably at birth.

b. The most extensive contemporary example of a caste system is found in India, especially in rural areas.

c. Caste discrimination is officially illegal but exists nonetheless. The traditional castes of India:

• Brahmans: mostly priests and scholars.

• Kshatriyas: warriors, rulers, and large landholders

• Vaishyas: merchants, farmers, and skilled artisans.

• Shudras: laborers and unskilled artisans.

• Harijans: Sometimes called "untouchables, " they are ranked so low that, technically, they are outside the caste system itself.

d. Caste boundaries in India are reinforced further by the practice of ritual pollution or ritual avoidance.

e. A caste system may be determined by many ethnic and cultural factors. European imperial powers in Africa imposed a caste system based on skin color: all whites were in a higher position or caste than any nonwhite

f. Caste systems shape people's lives in four crucial ways:

• Caste system largely determines occupation

• Caste systems largely mandate endogamy

• Powerful cultural beliefs underlie caste systems

• Caste systems limit outgroup social contacts

g. Although caste influences remains strong in India, the situation is changing due to communication, transportation, industrialization, and the growth of a middle class.

2. In a class system, social stratification is based on individual achievement

a. Class Systems. People who can be considered peers in society because of their similar life chances, similar life circumstances, and similar opportunities, constitute a social class.

• In a class system social standing is determined by factors over which people can exert some control, and some mobility does take place.

b. In a class system, status inconsistency, the degree of consistency of a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality, is lower than in a caste system

c. Structural social mobility: a shift in social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than individual efforts (Ex. Computer Industry)

d. Stratification persists because it is backed up by an ideology: cultural beliefs that directly or indirectly justify social stratification

e. Ideological support for inequality. An ideology or pattern of beliefs justifies social inequality in the Unites States, which legitimizes or justifies a particular societal arrangement.

• Ideological Hegemony: Refers to the control over the production of cultural symbols.

• One of Karl Marx’s famous quotes is: “the ruling ideas of any epoch are the ideas of the ruling class because they control the mental means of production.

• Thus, the elite has many weapons at their disposal in order to keep society and the lower classes under control. Two of the main ways are the use of force, and the mass media.

• Force: use the police, military, National Guard, FBI, etc.

• In the long run, it depends on legitimacy in order to maintain stratification.

• This is the belief that existing social and political institutions are the best one's for society.

• All ruling elite uses their position at the top of society to create an ideology.

• This is a complex set of beliefs, values, and norms, which rationalize and support the elite's power and privileges.

• The dominant or most important and valued ideas in history have been the ideas of the ruling class.

• The Government or big corporations do not necessarily control the mass media, but the ruling class does influence what kind of information we get and what kind of ideas we listen to.

• Anti-government and Anti-business views are rarely expressed, and Hollywood gives us its share of who are enemies are: both foreign and in this country.

• Most of the media gives the same messages of free enterprise, equality of opportunity, individualism, hard work, and consumerism.

• This ideology, taught through the mass media, is used by the elite to confuse, distract, and divide the lower classes.

• Marx argued that the class in power imposes its ideology on the entire society, and that false consciousness occurs when people in a class accept an ideology that is contrary to the best interest of that class.

• Marx argued that false consciousness will exist until the exploited stratum develops a sense of class consciousness, at which time the stratum will become a true social class and begin challenging the ruling class.

Solidarity among individuals or social groups that occupy the same position in the social system .  Properties of coating systems of a society can be closed (closed social stratification ) and can be open ( open social stratification )
Social class (social class ) are all people and families are aware of the position within a layer , while their position was known and recognized by the community .Some opinions about social class

      Kurt B. Mayer , the term class is used for the coating based on economic elements , while the layer based on society  honorary position in the call group ( groupstatus).
            Mex Weber , made ​​a distinction between the fundamentals and the basics okonomis social standing , and still use the term class for all levels . Any class that is economical in her class again in relying on the ownership of land and objects , as well as the class is engaged in the economy by using these skills. The existance of groups who had the special privilege of speak for the community in the stand[15].

Joseph Schumpeter , the formation of class in society because people need to adjust to the real necessities , but the meaning of class and other social phenomena can only be understood properly if at all know the history[16].
Another definition of social class is based on some of the traditional criteria , namely:

a. Number of its members .
b.Same Culture, which determines the rights and obligations of citizens .
c.continued .
d signs or symbols which are typical characteristics .
e. clear boundary ( for the group to another group ) .
certain

f. Antagonisme .

H.  Stratification and Conflict

1. Karl Max: Class and Conflict

a. Marx saw classes as defined by people's relationship to the means of production

• Capitalists (bourgeoisie) are people who own factories and other productive business

• The proletariat are people who sell their productive labor to the capitalists

b. Critical evaluation:

• Marx's theory has been enormously influential

• His work has been criticized for failing to recognize that a system of unequal rewards may be necessary to motivate people to perform their social roles effectively.

2. Three reasons suggested why Western Capitalism has not experienced a Marxist revolution:

a. The capitalist class has fragmented and grown in size, giving more people a stake in the system

b. The proletariat has also changed

• Blue-collar occupations, lower prestige work involving mostly manual labor, have declined

• White-collar occupations, higher prestige work involving mostly mental activity, have expanded

c. Workers are better organized than they were in Marx's day - their unions have been able to fight for reform

d. The government has extended various legal protections to workers

e. Supporters of Marxist thought have responded:

• Wealth remains highly concentrated

• White-collar jobs offer no more income, security, satisfaction than blue-collar jobs did a century ago

• Class conflict continues between workers and management

• The laws still favor the rich

3. Max Weber identified three distinct dimensions of stratification: Class, status, and power

a. Max Weber argued that social standing consists (Of three parts or dimensions: class, which he regarded as determined mainly by economic standing or wealth; party, which was equivalent to political power; and status, or social prestige and honor.

b. Following Weber, many sociologists use the term socioeconomic status: a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality -- education, occupation, income

• Socioeconomic status. Following Weber's lead, contemporary sociologists often use the broader concept of socioeconomic status to refer to a person's ranking along several social dimensions, particularly education, occupational prestige, and income

• Education. Education can lead to income attainment, but the benefits are not equally shared by racial and ethnic minorities, or by women.

• Wealth consists of consists of the total amount of money and valuable goods that a person or family controls

• It is more unequally distributed than income

• assets, such as real estate and jewels, and

• income consists of occupational wages or salaries and earnings from investments

• In the United States less than 1 percent of the population has $1 million or more in assets; and over 50 percent of the total family income in the United States goes to those 25 percent of families with the highest incomes

• Occupational Prestige: Occupation serves as a key source of social prestige since we commonly evaluate each other according to what we do

• Because there are so many specific occupations, sociologists often categorize occupations into a smaller number:

• White-Collar

• Professional, manager, and administrator

• Technical

• Clerical

• Blue-Collar

• Craft, precision production, and repair

• Operative

• Labor (excluding farm)

• Farm worker

• If this scheme is too unwieldy, sociologists often divide occupations into two categories: white-collar and blue-collar.

• The pink collar is a category that reflects the segregation of women into certain occupations, such as kindergarten teachers and secretaries.

• High incomes usually are associated with high-prestige occupations, but there are exceptions.

• Sociologists sometimes use the term prestige to mean the honor associated with an occupation or other position in the social system, and esteem to mean the honor that accrues to the individual filling the position.

c. Critical evaluation: Weber's views have been widely accepted in the United States although hard economic times may lead to a renewed emphasis on the importance of economic classes

E. Inequality in the United States

• US society is highly stratified, but many people underestimate the extent of structured inequality in US society

• Power is also unequally distributed

• Schooling

• Ancestry, race, and gender

1. Sociologists usually conceptualize American society as consisting either of three or nine distinct social classes:

a. In the three-class model, society is divided into a lower class, a middle class, and an upper class

b. In the nine-class model, each of these classes is further divided into three subclasses: lower-lower, middle-lower, lower-middle, middle-middle, etc.

2. Measurement of class. To measure social class standing, sociologists have developed three main methods:

a. the objective method ranks individuals into classes on the basis of measures such as education, income, and occupational prestige;

b. the reputational method places people into various social classes on the basis of reputation in the community class; and

c. Self- identification allows people to place themselves in a social class.

3. Description of the American Classes.

a. The upper classes. These are elite families with great wealth who dominate the economic system of the United States.

• Elite status is ascribed and many of this group's members are friends who have been socialized into a upper-class world.

• Ranking below the elite is the lower upper class, a group of people who recently have achieved success and wealth, but whose lack of an established family name may preclude them from full acceptance into the upper-upper class.

b. The middle classes. The upper third of the middle class forms the upper middle class, a group that consists mostly of professionals and others with well-paying, respected occupations.

• The upper-middle class collectively exerts power because its members participate in political affairs and support various causes, but they do not have as much direct access to powerful individuals, nor do they have the time and the wealth for extensive political activity.

• The other part of the middle class consists of the lower middle, a group that is less educated and have relatively few assets.

c. The lower classes.

• The upper-lower class, also called the working class, consists of service personnel, semiskilled operatives, and other blue-collar workers who do not earn enough to accumulate substantial savings. These people are vulnerable to disruptions in their income.

• The lower-lower class is made up of people who lack education and live in the most dilapidated sections of the community and in substandard housing.

• The lower-lower class may be divided into two subgroups:

• The working poor are lower-lower-class people who have jobs but who simply cannot earn an adequate income; and

• The chronically poor are mostly unemployed or work only occasionally.

4. Class, race, and gender. These three dimensions often interact to produce a person's place in society, the manner in which people are treated, and their self identify.

F. The difference class makes

a. Class and health

b. Class and values

c. Class and politics

d. Class, family, and gender

 

G.  Social Mobility[17]

Definition: Social mobility is a person’s movement over time from one class to another. Social mobility can be up or down and can be either intergenerational (occurring between generations, such as when a child rises above the class of his or her parents) or intragenerational (occurring within a generation, such as when an individual changes class because of business success). Societies differ in the extent to which social mobility is permitted. Some societies are based on closed class systems in which movement from one class to another is nearly impossible. In a caste system, for example, mobility is strictly limited by the circumstances of one’s birth. At the other extreme are open class systems in which class system placement is based on individual achievement rather than ascription.

Inter-generational mobility is generally measured in terms of intergenerational elasticity, or a statistical correlation between parent’s and children’s economic standings. The higher the intergenerational elasticity, the less social mobility a society offers. The higher the intergenerational elasticity, the more of a role childhood upbringing plays when compared to individual talents and capabilities.

The New York Times and the Wall Street Journal published a series of front-page articles on this issue in May 2005. Americans have often seen their country as a ‘land of opportunity’ where anyone can succeed despite his background. A study performed by economists at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2009 found that Britain and the United States have the lowest levels of intergenerational mobility, or the highest levels of intergenerational persistence. The Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland) and Canada tend to have high rates of social mobility. Norway proved to be the most mobile society.

Sociologist Annette Lareau discusses two different ways to raise children: concerted cultivation and natural growth:

1.      Concerted cultivation, normally used by middle-class families, incorporates scheduling many structured, organized activities for the child. Such children learn to use their language to reason with parents and other adults, and they often adopt a sense of entitlement.

2.      Natural growth is almost the exact opposite of concerted cultivation. Occurring mainly in poor or working-class families, this style of childrearing does not include organized activities, and there is a clear division between the adult and the child. Children usually spend large amounts of their day creating their own activities, and they hardly ever speak with adults. In fact, adults use language in order to direct or order the children, never to negotiate with them.

These two different types of childrearing can affect inter-generational mobility. Children who grow up with a concerted cultivation style of childrearing learn from their parents how to talk with adults as equals and negotiate to get favorable outcomes in any situation. This skill helps them create powerful social networks, which can improve their social standing. Children with natural growth accomplishment tend to have a more difficult time improving their social standing. They lack the social skills and sense of entitlement that children raised with the concerted cultivation method have, and therefore are less likely to acquire good jobs (and therefore, improve their social standing).

Head-start assets

Sociologist Thomas Shapiro uses the term head-start assets to refer to the assets that children can inherit from their parents that give them a “head-start” in life. A good example of a head-start asset would be an inheritance that a child receives from his parents that gives him the amount of money required to put a down payment on a house. “This is a quick way of identifying families that might potentially receive large enough financial assistance to transform biographies, improve their class standing, and attain advantages for at least one child”.^[10] In order to examine the trends in head-start assets and inheritances between whites and African-Americans Shapiro used data from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics from 1984 to 1999. When examining head-start assets along racial lines, whites are 2.4 times more likely than blacks to have parents with substantial wealth resources that can be used to give them an advantage in life. Data also reveal that among white families who received an inheritance the average amount received was $76,000, while the average inheritance received by African-Americans was $31,000.

One such advantage that an individual who receives these head-start assets can enjoy comes in the form of enhanced cultural capital. “Cultural capital refers to an understanding of what gives a person advantages or disadvantages in school, business, and social situations.”

Effects of government spending on intergenerational mobility

Since many parents in low-income families lack the wealth to give their children these opportunities, another source for these investments in their children's human capital is government spending. A study by public policy analysts Susan Mayer and Leonard Lopoo uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the U.S. Census to compare the relationship between government spending from state to state within the United States and intergenerational mobility for the residents in those states. Their results show that states that have the highest government spending for programs such as Welfare and education spending have the highest levels of intergenerational mobility. They found, overall, that an 84% increase in government spending across all of the states led to a 34.6% decline in intergenerational elasticity. The effects of increased levels of government spending and assistance on the future income of children is far greater for children who come from low-income families.

Industrialization

There is an ongoing debate as to whether intergenerational mobility is affected by industrialization. In a study of Indonesia and Bangladesh, researchers found an increase in social mobility as the countries were industrialized, suggesting that industrialization increases mobility. However, there seemed to be no evidence of sharper increases in mobility in more industrialized sections of the country.

Absolute and relative mobility

Absolute mobility measures whether (and by how much) living standards in a society have increased—often measured by what percentage of people have higher incomes than their parents. Relative mobility refers to how likely children are to move from their parents’ place in the income distribution.

The more absolute mobility, the better off the population is than their parents, and their children will consequently be better off than them.Relative mobility refers to the fluidity of a society. If one grows up in a poor family, one has a decent chance of moving up the relative-income ladder.   Because relative mobility depends on one's place in the distribution, it is a zero-sum phenomenon. In other words, if one person moves up in relative terms, another by definition must have moved down. In contrast, absolute mobility is not zero-sum.

Sociologists can classify social mobility as:

·         vertical mobility: the movement of individuals and groups up or down the socioeconomic scale. Those who gain in property, income, status, and position are dubbed "upwardly mobile", while those who move in the opposite direction are "downwardly mobile".

·         horizontal mobility: the movement of individuals and groups in similar socio-economic positions, which may be in different work-situations. This may involve change in occupation or remaining in the same occupation but in a different organization, or may be in the same organization but at a different location.

·         lateral mobility: geographical movement between neighborhoods, towns or regions. Modern societies exhibit a great deal of geographical mobility. Lateral mobility is often combined with vertical as well as horizontal mobility.

Rules of status: ascription and achievement

Achieved status is a position gained based on merit. Ascribed status is a position based on who a person is, not what he does.

Mobility regimes can be positive and/or an negative sum. Structural mobility is mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinds of jobs available in a society. Examples: Great Depression, many job losses, the government and many people in need of major help. According to sociologist John H. Goldthorpe, social mobility is normally seen in two ways. The first being that it is a basic source of social "structuration." The second is that the extent of mobility may be a strong indicator of the balance of power and status within a society.

Structural and exchange mobility

Structural mobility is a type of forced vertical mobility that results from a change in the distribution of statuses within a society, owing more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts. It occurs when the demand for a particular occupation reaches its maximum and more people are needed to trade-off. This means, instead of positions reaching the maximum and more people being needed, positions are dropped and someone else must step up to fill the position. When ascriptive status is in play, there is not much exchange mobility occurring.

Upward and downward mobility

Upward social mobility is a change in a person's social status resulting in that person rising to a higher position in their status system.^[18] However, downward mobility implies a person's social status falls to a lower position in their status system.^[18] A prime example of an opportunity for upward mobility nowadays is in athletics. There is an increasing number of minorities holding top executive positions in the NBA.

Upward and downward social mobility are not directly correlated with higher education. A merit-based higher education system can offset the role of social class in determining economic outcomes. Post-secondary schooling is a filter that keeps parents' economic position from simply passing straight through to their children, thus simultaneously promoting economic efficiency, social justice, and social mobility.

Country comparison

Several studies have been made comparing social mobility between developed countries. One such study (“Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults?") found that of nine developed countries, the United States and United Kingdom had the lowest intergenerational vertical social mobility with about half of the advantages of having a parent with a high income passed on to the next generation. The four countries with the lowest "intergenerational income elasticity", i.e. the highest social mobility, were Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Canada with less than 20% of advantages of having a high income parent passed on to their children.

Research on American mobility published in 2006 and based on collecting data on the economic mobility of families across generations looked at the probability of reaching a particular income-distribution with regard to where their parents were ranked. The study found that 42 percent of those whose parents were in the bottom quintile ended up in the bottom quintile themselves, 23 percent of them ended in the second quintile, 19 percent in the middle quintile, 11 percent in the fourth quintile and 6 percent in the top quintile.^[23] These data indicate the difficulty of upward intergenerational mobility. There is more intergenerational mobility in Australia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Spain, France, and Canada than in the U.S. In fact, of affluent countries studied, only Britain and Italy have lower intergenerational mobility than the United States does. Researchers know less about the long-term mobility of the top 1 percent, but all indications are that people in this group usually don’t drop very far down the ladder.

Intergenerational immobility versus economic inequality.

Studies have also found "a clear negative relationship" between income inequality and intergenerational mobility.  Countries with low levels of inequality such as Denmark, Norway and Finland had some of the greatest mobility, while the two countries with the high level of inequality -- Chile and Brazil—had some of the lowest mobility. A 2012 graph plotting the relationship between inequality and mobility in the United States and twelve other developed countries has been dubbed "The Great Gatsby Curve".

In Britain, much debate on social mobility has been generated by comparisons of the 1958 National Child Development Study NCDS. and the 1970 Birth Cohort Study BCS70. Compare intergenerational mobility in earnings between the 1958 and the 1970 UK cohorts, and claim that intergenerational mobility decreased substantially in this 12-year period. These findings have been controversial, partly due to conflicting findings on social class mobility using the same datasets and partly due to questions regarding the analytical sample and the treatment of missing data. UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown has famously said that trends in social mobility "are not as we would have liked".

Along with the aforementioned “Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults?" study The Economist also stated that "evidence from social scientists suggests that American society is much `stickier` than most Americans assume. Some researchers claim that social mobility is actually declining." A German study corroborates these results.^[33] In spite of this low mobility Americans have had the highest belief in meritocracy among middle- and high-income countries.

Main article: Socio-economic mobility in the United States

Class cultures and networks

Cultural capital, a term first coined by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu is the process of distinguishing between the economic aspects of class and powerful cultural assets. Bourdieu described three types of capital that place a person in a certain social category: economic capital; social capital; and cultural capital. Economic capital is command over economic resources such as money and assets. Social capital is resources one achieves based on group membership, relationships, networks of influence, and support from other people. Cultural capital is any advantage a person has that gives them a higher status in society, such as education, skills, or any other form of knowledge. Usually, people with all three types of capital have a high status in society. Bourdieu found that the culture of the upper social class is oriented more toward formal reasoning and abstract thought. The lower social class is geared more towards matters of facts and the necessities of life. He also found that the environment that a person is developed in has a large effect on the social class that a person will have.

Social system

Social mobility is normally discussed as "upward only", but it is a two-sided phenomenon - where there is upward mobility, there can also be relative downward mobility. If merit and fortune play a larger role in life chances than the luck of birth, and some people can manage a relative upward shift in their social status, then some people can also move downward relative to others. This is the risk that motivates people in power to increasingly devise and commission political, legal, educational, and economic mechanisms that permit them to fortify their advantages. However, by controlling that inclination, it is possible in a growing economy for there to be greater upward mobility than downward - as has been the case in Western Europe.

Official or legally recognized class designations do not exist in modern western democracies and it is considered possible for individuals to move from poverty to wealth or political prominence within one generation. Despite this formal opportunity for social mobility, recent research indicates that Britain and particularly the United States have less social mobility than the Nordic countries and Canada. These authors state that "the idea of the US as ‘the land of opportunity’ persists; and clearly seems misplaced.

Symbols and social mobility

Social science and understanding segmentation

The social definition of groups creates entry and exit barriers that can help explain why social mobility across group boundaries can be difficult. With symbols ranging from tattoos to elite prep schools, the concept of a boundary is readily apparent and seems to be instinctive. The interplay of ‘achievement’ with status and with actual economic success depends largely on the way that the in-group perceives these values. The nonparallel views of different groups at different points on the economic scale mean that advancement in some groups could be counter to the goals and directions of another group. High-income urban culture can define itself with multiple symbolic boundaries stemming from prejudice against other groups that they perceive to be of a different economic status. These actions make it difficult for others to interact with people who may be geographically very close. When groups consider themselves mutually exclusive, it is unlikely that they will worry about the wellbeing of the others and are unwilling to share resources (In the form of social capital).

An urban planning perspective on group boundaries

Urban planner Kevin A. Lynch touches on the concept of geographic boundaries and their social impact, as well as ways they can be manipulated in his book Image of the City. This work addresses the visible and invisible boundaries that are created in urban environments from an urban planner's perspective. The spatial information people use to create boundaries can be as important to perception as other more culturally entrenched symbols. To use some of Lynch’s own terms, the Paths that people use dictate their flow in everyday behavior, and what is accessible to them easily. Districts are large sections of the city that have some specific character; these create a means of building individual identity that is shared by those who live and work inside them, and (is) felt by those that must cross Edges for various reasons. When seeking jobs or healthcare for instance.

How sociology views neighborhood boundaries

According to Sampson, Morenoff, and Gannon-Rowley’s article Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social Processes and New Directions in Research on the relationship between adolescent behavior and indicators of residential differentiation, “Robert Park and Ernest Burgess laid the foundation for urban sociology by defining local communities as 'natural areas' that developed as a result of competition between businesses for land use and between population groups for affordable housing.” This indicates that resources that are available to the community will largely be affected by the wealth of the population.^[41]

This study suggests that longitudinal studies could observe trends in the community over time. As neighborhood dynamics change, there could be a movement of social groups into proximity with other similar groups creating a hybrid of the two cultures. Another possibility is that the groups in an area move around, but do not intermingle, and when they feel pressure that threatens their hold on an area, they could fight back at the local level, or choose to relocate to a place where economic conditions restrict entry.^[41]

Influences that cross multiple boundaries

The benefits of having symbols that define social boundaries work to keep people from falling down as much as they can prevent others from moving up. The value of the work ethic, that is shared in many cultures, maintains an individual’s drive and prompts them to seek out and hold employment. Symbols of social status such as leadership roles are important for developing role models, and leadership models are often seen by children as bridging the more detrimental class boundaries. As shown here: “There are also cross-cultural differences in how symbolic boundaries are linked to social boundaries. The same social boundary can be coupled with different symbolic boundaries as class distinctions in Europe are tied to the symbolic boundary between high culture and popular culture.”^[41]

Social mobility

Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups in social standing social position.^[1][2] It may refer to classes, ethnic groups, or entire nations, and may measure health status, literacy, or education — but more commonly it refers to individuals or families, and their change in income (economic mobility).^[1] It also typically refers to vertical mobility—movement of individuals or groups up (or down) from one socio-economic level to another, often by changing jobs or marriage; but can also refer to horizontal mobility—movement from one position to another within the same social level.

Social mobility can be the change in status between someone (or a group) and their parents/previous family generations ("inter-generational"); or over the change during one's lifetime ("intra-generational"). It can be "absolute"—i.e. total amount of movement of people between classes, usually over one generation (such as when education and economic development raises the socio-economic level of a population); or "relative"—an estimation of the chance of upward (or downward) social mobility of a member of one social class in comparison with a member from another class.^[3] A higher level of intergenerational mobility is often considered a sign of greater fairness, or equality of opportunity, in a society.^[4]

Mobility is enabled to a varying extent by economic capital, cultural capital (such as higher education), human capital (such as competence and effort in labour), social capital (such as support from one's social network), physical capital (such as ownership of tools, or the 'means of production'), and symbolic capital (such as the worth of an official title, status class, celebrity, etc.)

             Types of social movements that principle is twofold , social movement social movement horizontally and vertically . Harizontal social movement is peraliahan individual or other social objects are equal . An example is someone who switched nationality switch jobs may well equal or transition , or motion of social objects . Vertical social movement is as perpidahan individual or social object from one social position to another position , which is not equal . According to him , there are two types of vertical social movement , namely the rise (social climbing) and the fall (social sinking ) .
- Vertical rise of social movements has two main forms , namely :
a. Inclusion of individuals who have a low position in a higher position than the position has existed .
b . Formation of a new group , which is then placed in a higher degree , from the position of the individuals forming the group .
- Motion vertical social decline has two main forms , namely :
a. Decline in the position of individuals to notch lesser .
b . Abdication of a group of individuals who may be the disintegration of the group as a whole .

2 . Social Movement Research Objectives
Researching the sociology of social movements to obtain particulars about the social order and power structure . The sociology has a special focus on the difficulties in the relatively understood better by individuals and social groups to gain a prominent position by the people and that is the object of a competition .
In an open system layer , position to be achieved , depending on the ability of businesses and individuals . It is true that the son of a businessman for example, have better opportunities and greater than the son of a street sweeper . However , the position in society not preclude that child janitors to gain a higher position than the original position in punyainya . On the contrary , the open nature of the coating system can encourage him to reach a higher position and more respected in the community . However , in reality it is not as ideal . In society there are always obstacles and difficulties , such as bureaucracy , costs , interests firmly embedded , and so forth .
3 . Some General Principles of Social The Vertical Motion
Social movement moved horizontally as equal employment , migration ( urbanization , migration , etc. ) , rather than talk at length . Not because of the stretcher deliberately not important , but because of social vertical motion is more important to be a foundation for development . The general principles are very important for social movement vertically is as follows:
a. Almost no people lining the absolute nature of a closed system , where there is absolutely no social movement is vertical .
b . Any opening in the lining system of a society , social movements can not be done with a vertical freely . At least there will be many obstacles . If the social movement process can be done by including freely , there can be no social stratification that characterize fixed and common to all people .
c . Vertical motion of the prevailing social to all people no . Each community has its own characteristics for a social movement vertically.
d . Social rate of vertical motion caused by economic factors , political , and different jobs .
e . Based on historical materials , particularly in the vertical motion in distinguishing social economic factors , political and employment , there is no continuous trend regarding the increase or decrease in the rate of social movement

4 . Social Channel Vertical Motion

According Paritim A. Sorokin , social movements have vertical channels in the community . Social processes of vertical motion through the channel was called social circulation . The most important channel is the armed forces , religious institutions , education , political organization , economic and expertise .
Armed forces play an important role in society by militarism system , or who are in a state of war , both against external enemies and civil war .
Religious institutions is one important channel in vertical social movement . Every religion considers human beings have equal circumstances . To achieve these goals , religious leaders are working hard to raise the position of the people of the lower layers of the society .
            Educational institutions such as schools , in general, a concrete channel vertical social movement . Even schools can be considered as a social elevator that moves from position - the position of the lowest to the highest position . Sometimes encountered in which certain schools can only be entered by factions that certain people , for example, from the top layer , or of a particular race . Schools is such that can be entered by a lower layer will be a vertical line social movement .
         Political organizations such as political parties can provide great opportunities for its members to ride in pertanggaan position . If he has the ability to agitate , organize, and so on . In the democratic society in which electoral institutions play an important role in the formation of leadership , political organizations have the same role , albeit in another form .
How well with his form of economic organization eg company car , import export companies , and others. Organizations such as the role of social movements vertical channel . However the measures on which the coating systems in the community are usually the rich who occupy high layer . This phenomenon is also encountered in traditional societies , which often is connected with ceremonies that should be done .

I. The need for Layer Systems Society
           

            Humans generally aspire to be no difference in the position and role within the community no . However , these ideals will always fell on a different reality .  Every society should place individuals at certain places in the social structure and encourage them to carry out its obligations as a result of the placement . Thus , the public face two problems . ie , placing the individual - indiiduu , and encouraging them to implement their obligations           .
If all obligations are always in accordance with the wishes of the individual , and also in line with his capabilities and so on , the problem is not going to always be difficult to implement . But the reality is not so . Certain positions and roles often require skills and specific exercises . Position is  importance and role is also not always the same . So , there will be inevitable that the system must provide some kind of service as a driver of retaliation that individuals want - obligations in accordance with its position in society .
            Thus , inevitably there is the system of society because these symptoms as well as solve the problems facing society in the placement of individuals in the places that are available in the social structure and encourage it to carry out duties in accordance with the position and with the role . Completion of these places was the driving force that moves the community in accordance with its function . However , his form in every society is also different because it depends on the shape and needs of each community . It is clear that the position and role in the highest regard by every society is the status and role that is considered the most important requires the ability and training to the maximum.

The Myth and the Reality of Mobility in the United States

• Amount of mobility. Sociologists frequently focus on the inter-generational mobility of individuals: upward and downward movements in socioeconomic status measured between the standing of children compared to that of their parents.

1. Myth versus reality

a. Four general conclusions

• Social mobility, at least among men, has been high

• The long-term trend in social mobility has been upward

• Within a single generation, social mobility is usually incremental, not dramatic

• The short-term trend has been stagnation, with some income polarization

b. Mobility varies by income level

c. Mobility also varies by race, ethnicity, and gender

1. Determinants of mobility

• Social Mobility: The movement of persons and groups within the stratification system.

a. Steepness of the socioeconomic pyramid: that there are not enough high status jobs to satisfy everyone.

b. Starting position on the socioeconomic ladder: some people begin closer to the top than others.

c. Structural mobility: the movement of entire categories of people due to changes in society itself.

d. Types of mobility

• Upward and downward

• Intragenerational social mobility is a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime

• Intergenerational social mobility is upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

2. Social stratification can be determined by a number of variables, each of which can cause someone to be advantaged or disadvantaged compared to others in society.

a. It is not necessarily the impact of any one variable in U.S. society that leads to stratification – it is a unique combination of stratification-related factors that determines how one succeeds in society.

b. Some of these traits are within our control, others we have little control over (ascribed vs. achieved) Who can tell me which is which?

• Major ascribed social stratifiers: race, sex, and age

• Major achieved social stratifiers (education, income, occupation, religion, etc.)

c. Achieved stratifiers are those traits:

• That affect our position in the social hierarchy

• Over which we have some degree of control

3. Waking up from the "American Dream"

a. For many workers, earnings have stalled

b. Multiple job holding is up

c. More jobs offer little income

d. Young people are remaining at home

K. Class and welfare, politics and values

Intra-generational mobility ("within" a generation) is defined as change in social status over a single life-time. Inter-generational mobility ("across" generations) is defined as changes in social status that occur from the parents' to the children's generation.

CHAPTER III
 CONCLUSION

           

            Social stratification ( Social Stratification ) comes from the Latin word " stratum " ( singular ) or " strata " ( plural ) which means multiple layers . In sociology , social stratification can be interpreted as a resident or differentiation of society into classes as rise .  Because the emergence of social stratification that is because of the social strata in society .  Basic social in the stratification of wealth, power, honor, and science.

            The more ownership , people skills / someone against something that is appreciated .     The elements of social stratification that position ( status ) and role (role ) . As for the nature of the stratification stratification system open ( open social stratification ) , closed (close social stratification)  and mixture stratification system.

  Characteristics of social stratification :1 . Differences in the ability or capacity .
2 . Differences in lifestyle ( life style) .3 . Differences in terms of rights and access in the use of resources .
            Impact of Social Stratification :

a. Positive impact : With the existence of social stratification , the people will seek to achieve or attempt to go forward because of the opportunity to move strata . This opportunity encourages people to want to compete , and work hard in order to ascend to the upper strata . b . Negative impact : There are 3 negative effects of stratification soaial , namely :1 . Conflict between class2 . Conflicts between social groups3 . Conflict between generations

 Society ( social stratification ) is the difference in population or society into classes as a multilevel ( hierarchically ) .
Classes in society there are three , namely :a class above .b . Middle class .c . Lower class .
System of society occurs because of two things:
a. Happen by itself .
b . Occurs with seengaja in stacking together to pursue pedestal .
Guidelines for the research subjects in the process of lining :
a. In the existing system of conflict in society , so the system only has a special meaning for certain communities .
b . Layer system can be analyzed in meanings : Distribution of privileges an objective such as income , wealth , and safety .  Created by the citizens .  Criteria contention systems can be based on personal qualities , membership of a particular group of relatives , property , authority or power .  Position symbols , such as life behavior , clothing , housing , membership in an organization and beyond.  And easy exchange difficult position .
           

CHAPTER IV

BILBIOGRAPHY

Maftuh, bunyamin dan yadi ruyadi. 1996. Sosiologi 2 untuk SMU. Bandung: Ganeca Exact.
Polak, Mayor. Sosiologi, Suatu Pengantar Ringkas. Jakarta : Ikhtiar. 1996
Soekanto, Soerjono. Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. 2004.
http://ilmusini.blogspot.com/2011/01/makalah-stratifikasi-sosial.html

http://5osial.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/stratifikasi-sosial/

http://bumaryati.blogspot.com/2011/08/stratifikasi-sosial.html

http:// sosionamche. Blogspot. Com.
http:// zuryawanisvandiar. Blogspot. Com.

http://jolompong.blogspot.com/2011/01/dampak-positif-dan-negatif stratifikasi.html

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[9] Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Mobility, ( Collier-Macmillan Limited, london:Glencoe, 1959), page.11.

[10] Robin Williams J.r., American Society, (New York: A Fred A Knpof. 1960), page 88-89.

[11] Roucek and Warren, Sociology, an introduction, ( Paterson-New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. 1962), page 60.

[12] Levinson,” Role, Personality and Social Structure”, in Lewis A. Coser and Bernard Rosenberg, Sociological Theory, a Book of Readings, ( New York: The MacMillan Company, 1964), page 204.

[13] Koentjaraningrat: Some principal of social antropology,( Jakarta: Dian Rakyat,1967),page 174.

[14] Kurt B. Mayer” Dimensions of Social Stratification in Modern Society” that be cited in Setangkai Bunga Sosiologi, page 303.

[15] Max Weber,”Social Stratification and Class Structure”, that be cited in Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar Soejono Soekanto, page 205.

[16] Joseph Schumpeter,”The Problem of Classes” that be cited in Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar,page 205.

[17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobilityInter- and Intra-generational mobility

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